Use of ADHD medication in UK more than tripled in 13 years, study finds

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The proportion of people in the UK on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication has tripled in the past decade, with a 20-fold increase among women aged 25 and over, a study shows.Researchers led by the University of Oxford examined electronic health records from Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and the UK to estimate the use of ADHD medication among adults and children aged three and above.Prevalence increased across all five countries between 2010 and 2023, according to the research.The UK had the highest relative increase for all ages, rising more than threefold from 0.12% to 0.

39%.In the Netherlands, prevalence more than doubled, from 0.67% to 1.56%.The results of the study, which tracked methylphenidate, dexamphetamine, lisdexamfetamine, atomoxetine and guanfacine, was published in the Lancet Regional Health – Europe journal.

Adult use increased substantially in all countries, particularly among women.In the UK, prevalence among people aged 25 and over increased from 0.01% in 2010 to 0.20% in 2023, with a more than 20-fold increase in women and 15-fold in men.Although ADHD medication use remained higher among males, the sex gap in treatment narrowed over time and with increasing age, the researchers said.

“We observed a consistent increase in ADHD medication use across Europe, but the most striking changes were among adults, especially women,” said Xintong Li, the lead study author at Oxford.“These findings likely reflect growing awareness and diagnosis of adult ADHD, but they also raise important questions about long-term treatment patterns and care needs.”The results also suggested a much lower rate of ADHD medication use compared with the estimated rate of ADHD itself, which is thought to affect about 8% of children and adolescents and 3% of adults globally, the researchers said.They said while it was true that not everyone with ADHD required medication, the findings suggested a substantial proportion may not be doing so.Methylphenidate was the most commonly used medication across all countries.

Newer treatments such as lisdexamfetamine and guanfacine showed steady uptake after market approval.However, continuation of treatment after initiation was relatively low, varying substantially between countries.The findings reflected growing recognition of ADHD as a lifelong condition and highlighted the need for healthcare systems to plan for rising demand, particularly amid ongoing ADHD medication shortages in parts of Europe, the researchers said.In the UK, the NHS is overspending by £164m a year on ADHD services, with an increasing amount going to unregulated private assessments, the Guardian reported earlier this month.Analysis showed that total spending on NHS ADHD services was expected to be more than double existing budgets.

Further data showed the amount spent on private ADHD services had more than tripled over three years.Prof Daniel Prieto-Alhambra, a senior author of the study, said: “Understanding how ADHD medications are being used in real-world clinical practice is essential for healthcare planning.These data can help health systems anticipate demand and reduce the risk of future medication shortages, while also highlighting populations that may need closer monitoring.”
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Kenji Morimoto’s recipe for miso leek custard tart with fennel slaw

This savoury custard tart celebrates some of my favourite flavours (and dishes): jammy miso leeks, savoury-sweet chawanmushi (a Japanese steamed custard flavoured with dashi) and toasty sesame seeds, all enveloped in flaky pastry. It feels decadent, so it’s best served with a simple fennel salad, zingy with apple cider vinegar and mustard. It’s excellent eaten while still warm from the oven (be patient!), but even better as leftovers, because I have a soft spot for cold eggy tarts.Shop-bought pastry can, of course, be used, but making it from scratch is what makes this dish that much more special.Prep 30 min Chill 1 hr 15 min+Cook 45 min Serves 6-8For the pastry185g plain flour, plus extra for dusting 1 tsp salt 100g cold unsalted butter, cubedFor the leeks2 tbsp vegetable oil 350g leeks, trimmed, halved lengthways and cut into 3cm segments Salt 2 tbsp red miso 2 tbsp honeyFor the egg mixture 5 eggs 150ml whole milk 1 tbsp dashi granules 1 tbsp sesame seeds Chives, thinly sliced, to garnishChilli oil, for servingFor the slaw300g fennel, trimmed and thinly sliced or cut using a mandoline 2 sprigs fresh flat-leaf parsley, tender stems and leaves chopped 2 tbsp apple cider vinegar 1 tsp dijon mustardFirst make the pastry: in a food processor, blitz the flour, salt and butter into a breadcrumb-like consistency

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How to make mapo tofu – recipe | Felicity Cloake's Masterclass

Mapo tofu is a Chengdu favourite typical of the “spicy generosity” of Sichuan food, Fuchsia Dunlop explains, though it’s perhaps better not translated as “pock-marked old woman’s tofu”. It may even convert you to the joys of tofu itself, should you still be on the fence about the stuff, because its creamy softness is the perfect foil for the intensely savoury, tingly seasoning involved here. It’s also ready in mere minutes.Prep 10 min Cook 7 min Serves 22 garlic cloves 1 small knob fresh root ginger 4 spring onions Salt 250g plain tofu (I like a soft one, but see step 3)2 tsp cornflour, or potato or tapioca starch 1 tbsp Sichuan peppercorns 2 tbsp neutral oil 40g pork mince, or beef mince, or a plant-based alternative1 heaped tbsp Sichuan chilli bean paste (also called spicy doubanjiang or toban djan, see step 8)½ tbsp fermented black beans, drained1 tsp chilli flakes, drained if in oil (drizzle this on top, if you prefer)85ml waterIf serving this with rice, which is how it’s generally eaten (though you could have it with noodles instead), put that on to cook. It’s also nice with some steamed green vegetables or a cucumber salad on the side

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Not keen on feeble nolo wine? Try these instead

Are you a lover of oaky rioja, or maybe zingy Kiwi sauvignon blanc, and looking to find a non-alcoholic lookalike? To put it bluntly, I’m afraid you’re out of luck. Alcohol does much more than make you tipsy; it is the magic ingredient that gives so much of wine’s wondrous complexity, character and charm. Not only does it carry volatile compounds that make up wine’s endlessly fascinating combinations of scents and tastes, along with a sensation of warmth, it also creates that viscous body and texture – what’s rather grossly known in the trade as “mouthfeel” – of the liquid in your mouth, and the overall balance of all these factors in the wine.The Guardian’s journalism is independent. We will earn a commission if you buy something through an affiliate link

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How to make penne all’arrabbiata – recipe | Felicity Cloake's Masterclass

Pasta all’arrabbiata is the perfect dish for January. Not only is it quick, vegan and made from ingredients you might conceivably have in the cupboard already, but the name, which means angry, could be said to suit my mood now that the last of the Christmas festivities are over. Happily, a big plate of rich, tomatoey pasta can always be relied upon to lift the spirits.Prep 5 min Cook 25 min Serves 22 tbsp extra-virgin olive oil, plus a little more to finish1 tsp chilli flakes 2 garlic cloves 400g good tinned tomatoes, or passata 200g penne (see step 1)Salt and black pepper ¼ tsp red-wine vinegar 1 handful basil leaves, or flat-leaf parsleyThis dish is traditionally made with penne, but any shape that traps chunky pieces of sauce will give maximum enjoyment. Caz Hildebrand and Jacob Kenedy’s book The Geometry of Pasta suggests no fewer than 14 alternatives, including farfalle, pappardelle and tagliatelle, while I’d recommend rigatoni, fusilli, conchiglie or, indeed, anything that looks vaguely like them

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Rukmini Iyer’s quick and easy recipe for harissa-spiked orzo with chickpeas and pine nuts | Quick and easy

This is my favourite store-cupboard dinner when faced with the pre-shop complaints that “there’s nothing in the fridge”. The cherry tomatoes provide a welcome fresh note, but otherwise it’s a happy cupboard raid. An old Nigel Slater recipe first put me on to the idea of using yoghurt to finish a pasta dish, and it works brilliantly here to balance the harissa. Excellent for a work-from-home lunch, too.Prep 10 min Cook 15 min Serves 230g pine nutsFlaky sea salt 200g orzo 1 tbsp olive oil 2 garlic cloves, peeled and finely grated200g cherry tomatoes, halved400g tin chickpeas, drained and rinsed (see my review for the best brands)2 heaped tbsp jarred rose harissa paste (I like Belazu)Juice of ½ lemon2 heaped tbsp Greek yoghurt, to serveFresh flat-leaf parsley, chopped to finish (optional)Put a large frying pan on a medium heat, then add the pine nuts, turn down the heat and toast, stirring and watching constantly, for three to four minutes, until evenly golden brown all over – do not leave the pan unattended, because they will burn

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My week avoiding ultra-processed foods: ‘Why is it this hard?’

I’ve been eating ultra-processed foods (UPFs) all my life. Breakfast as a child was often Coco Pops, Rice Bubbles or white toast slathered in spreadable butter. Dinners usually involved processed sauces, such as Chicken Tonight or Dolmio, and my lunchboxes always contained flavoured chippies or plasticky cheese.I don’t blame my parents for this. Now I’m a parent too, I have cartons of juice and flavoured yoghurt as part of my parenting arsenal