The Voorhees law of traffic: when overtaken slow cars seem to always catch up at a red light
It is a situation experienced by many motorists: one driver overtakes another only to find the slower car is right behind them when they reach a red light.Now a researcher has used mathematics to reveal why the situation feels inevitable.Dr Conor Boland from Dublin City University has called his work “The Voorhees law of traffic”.The name is a nod to the character Jason Voorhees from the American horror film franchise Friday the 13th.“I always thought of him because he seems to just walk everywhere … His victims are running away, they’re sprinting, but he just catches them,” Boland said.
However, in the case of cars it is traffic lights rather than stones or tree branches that prevent the “escape” of the faster individual.Writing in the journal Royal Society Open Science, Boland explains that as two cars travelling at different speeds encounter a traffic light, the spacing between them can either increase, stay the same, partly decrease or be completely lost, depending on the colour of the traffic light, its duration, the time advantage of the faster car and the overall time it takes for the traffic lights to complete a cycle.Assuming that the traffic light changes colour based on a set time cycle rather than a sensor, and that the cars are travelling on a single-lane road, the results reveal that, taking into account the probabilities of each of the four scenarios, on average the possible gains and losses in spacing between the cars balance exactly.That means, on average, the lead of one car over the other remains the same after the light as before.The results suggest the idea the slower car will inevitably catch up at the lights is something of an illusion.
“Recurrent encounters are known to be disproportionately salient in human perception, particularly when they follow an attempted separation or avoidance,” Boland writes.Put simply, it is probably just more memorable for a driver when the car they overtook catches up with them again.However, when drivers encounter a succession of independent traffic lights – as might occur in towns and cities – the situation is different.As Boland explains, here the eventual catchup of the slower car at at least one of the lights becomes statistically near-certain.That’s because the probability that the slower car never catches up relies on multiplying the probability of no catchup for each traffic light – meaning the more lights, the less overall chance no catchup will occur.
Boland said the results have implications for road safety, suggesting speeding past others does not necessarily give an advantage.Kit Yates, professor of mathematical biology and public engagement at the University of Bath who was not involved in the work, welcomed the study.“It’s something I, as a slower driver, often think about.Was it really worth it for that car that sped to overtake me? When I catch them up at the lights I smugly think, ‘No, it wasn’t.’ So it’s good that someone has sat down and modelled how and when this happens,” he said.
However, Yates added that in his experience, catching up to a faster car does not seem to happen constantly, or to be surprising when it does occur.He also noted that the study made a number of assumptions, among them that cars travel at constant speed between lights with no acceleration when a light changes to green or deceleration when it changes to red.“But as the old adage goes, ‘all models are wrong, but some are useful’ and I think this one is definitely useful to explain why slower cars can often catch up with quicker ones,” Yates said.This article’s subheading was amended on 1 April 2026.An earlier version said that it was a UK researcher who had conceived the Voorhees law of traffic; Dr Conor Boland is from Dublin City University.
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