Texas has long been under threat from the launches and explosions of SpaceX rockets.Now Hawaii is emerging as another possible victimThe north-west Hawaiian island of Mokumanamana is said to be touched by the gods.Bisected by the Tropic of Cancer latitude line, it is deep in the Pacific Ocean, about 400 miles from Honolulu.The island’s steep rocky cliffs give way to indigo blue waters dotted with monk seals and stony coral.No humans have lived on Mokumanamana, but it has the world’s highest density of ancient Hawaiian religious sites.

“It sits as a boundary between what Native Hawaiians refer to as ‘pō’, the darkness, and ‘au’, the light,” said William Aila, the former chair of Hawaii’s department of land and natural resources,“When a Hawaiian passes, their soul makes its way from wherever it is in the main Hawaiian Islands, up to the North-western Hawaiian Islands,And at that juncture, at pō, they’re met by their ancestors,” As Aila tells it, if a person has been good, they can pass into pō and be with their ancestors, who inhabit the Pacific waters west of Mokumanamana,The hundreds of miles of ocean that surround Mokumanamana and other Hawaiian islands are now under threat, according to environmentalists and scientists.

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the agency that oversees air and space travel in the US, announced in May that it had given Elon Musk permission to detonate rocket ships from his company SpaceX over these protected waters.SpaceX first brought its request, a proposal called the Starship Super Heavy Project, to the FAA in 2022.In 2023, the company was given a license to launch its massive Starship rocket five times a year.In 2024, Musk proposed quintupling that number to 25 a year.SpaceX’s launch base is located in Boca Chica, Texas, surrounded by a state park and federal wildlife refuge.

To date, 10 Starship rockets have attempted to take off from there, the majority of which have ended in scattershot explosions, blasting metal shrapnel and debris from the Gulf of Mexico to the Indian Ocean.In conjunction with the increased number of launches, Musk proposed expanding the area in the Pacific Ocean where debris from his exploded Starships can land by roughly 75 times its original scope.This new area encompasses vast regions throughout the Pacific, including around the eight main Hawaiian islands, Mokumanamana and the entire north-west Hawaiian chain of islands – which lie within the Papahānaumokuākea marine national monument, a Unesco world heritage site.The monument is considered one of the most ecologically unique and diverse areas in the world, with 7,000 species of birds, turtles, marine mammals, fish and coral, some of which are critically endangered.It is also the largest protected area on Earth, covering nearly 600,000 sq miles of water.

Ancestors of modern Hawaiians explored the open ocean here, navigating by stars.During Joe Biden’s final days in office, his administration designated the monument as a sanctuary, giving it enhanced legal protections.Once SpaceX ramps up launches, bird and sea life could face hazardous material spills, falling objects and sonic booms, according to thousands of pages of government documents reviewed by the Guardian and interviews with more than a dozen people, including oceanographers, aerospace engineers, former government employees, lawyers and Hawaiian residents.They fear Musk’s “fail fast” approach to rocket launches, along with his ties to the US government, could mean SpaceX will have free rein over the region.Many in Hawaii say the FAA’s review of potential environmental consequences is not thorough enough.

“We, especially as Native Hawaiians who have a special relationship to that place, simply want an honest and true assessment of the risk before consenting to the raining of thousands of pieces of a failed rocket,” said Aila, who is also the former chair of Papahānaumokuākea’s advisory council.Musk, the world’s richest person, has framed his SpaceX expansion plan as existential, crucial to the survival of the human race.One day in the not-so-distant future, he says, the development of SpaceX’s Starship rocket will culminate in his ultimate goal of colonizing the planet Mars.Starship is the largest and most powerful spaceship ever built, standing 40 stories tall when all its parts stack.It’s designed to eventually be fully reusable and comes equipped with a Super Heavy booster and engines that burn methane gas and liquid oxygen.

Musk originally codenamed it BFR (Big Fucking Rocket).“Starship is the first design of a rocket that is actually capable of making life multiplanetary,” Musk said in a speech last year.“We don’t want to be one of those lame one-planet civilizations.We want to be a multiplanetary civilization, ultimately be a multi-stellar civilization, be out there among the stars.”For Musk, the cost of harming the delicate ocean ecosystem is outweighed by the benefits of space exploration.

“If the [Starship] did hit a whale, it’s like, honestly, that whale had it coming, cause the odds are so low,” Musk said in October while campaigning for Donald Trump,“It’s like Final Destination: The Whale Edition,It’s like fate had it in for that whale,”Musk, SpaceX and the White House did not return requests for comment,When a Starship detonates and plunges to the sea, there are three possible outcomes, according to the FAA.

First, it could have a hard landing at “terminal velocity”, which would cause the rocket to break apart on impact creating an “explosive event” on the water’s surface.Second, it could have a “soft water landing and tip over and sink”.Or lastly, the rocket could break up during atmosphere re-entry, causing debris to scatter across the ocean.In the run-up to the FAA’s approval of SpaceX’s 25 launches a year, federal agencies that work with endangered species issued biological opinions on the possible impact of these three scenarios.The National Marine Fisheries Service said dozens of species would be “affected”, including various species of whale, turtle, seal, fish, shark, coral and other ocean life.

The agency specifically pointed to three types of sea turtle – green, Kemp’s ridley and loggerhead – as being “adversely affected”.Those adverse effects could come from things like sonic booms, falling debris and fuel and oil spills, according to the agency.In its biological opinion, the Fish and Wildlife Service retraced what went wrong during Starship’s first seven test launches in Boca Chica, Texas.The first launch pulverized the launchpad and sent chunks of concrete flying several miles throughout the wildlife refuge.The second flight went without incident, but the third ignited two brush fires, and the fourth tossed metal sheeting into the surrounding state park and damaged eggs in nine birds’ nests.

The following three flights resulted in singed vegetation, a tornado-like “gravel plume” and the carcasses of a black-necked stilt and brown pelican,Despite the federal agencies’ foreboding assessments, they concluded the impact from twice-monthly Starship launches would probably be rare, and thus “insignificant”,The Fish and Wildlife Service declined to provide further comment,A spokesperson for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Noaa), which heads the marine fisheries service, said it recommended conservation measures, like gathering acoustic data on explosions and monitoring falling debris,The FAA came to the same “no significant impact” conclusion in its final 90-page environmental assessment of SpaceX’s proposal.

The agency acknowledged the potential threats but said they would be infrequent and the risk was low.As a result, the FAA approved a five-year license for 25 Starship launches a year and allowed for the vast zone in the Pacific to be a debris “action area”.If rocket detritus falls outside the permitted zone, the FAA or other federal agencies may investigate, though the approval does not delineate specific penalties.The FAA assessment bears a major caveat, though: it was in effect prepared by SpaceX itself.SpaceX employees and consultants from the firm SWCA, hired by SpaceX, authored the 90-page document, according to its list of preparers.

Four FAA employees were listed as “independent evaluators”,A separate 106-page biological assessment the FAA used to evaluate Starship’s impact on endangered species was also prepared by another company hired by SpaceX, the defense contractor ManTech SRS Technologies,An FAA spokesperson said applicants may prepare environmental assessments (EA) for the agency, and if they do, “the FAA advises and assists the applicant during preparation of the EA and independently evaluates and takes responsibility for the EA before it is published,”This environmental assessment, which was first published in 2022 and later updated, is the crux of a lawsuit brought against the FAA by a coalition of non-profits,They say the assessment was not sufficient and violates the National Environmental Policy Act.

The coalition is calling for the FAA to conduct what’s known as an Environmental Impact Statement, which would require a more rigorous review of SpaceX’s impact to endangered species as well as consultation with Native Hawaiians and other cultural groups.“These documents were all put together by SpaceX, and then the FAA just sort of signed off on them as its own work,” said Jill Heaps, the senior legal director for the Surfrider Foundation, which is part of the coalition.“It’s the FAA’s duty to take a hard look at the potentially significant impacts to marine life … They’re asking for a very large geographic area in which these pieces can be dumped into the ocean, some of which might be near the Rice’s whale, some of which are near very sensitive areas around Hawaii.”When asked why the FAA didn’t issue an impact statement, the agency spokesperson said the assessment “provides a full discussion of the reasonably foreseeable effects of issuing a license for SpaceX’s proposed operations”.Rockets are a conglomeration of materials, such as heavy metals, plastics, wiring and chemicals.

When one explodes, it typically breaks into several separate pieces, said Ella Atkins, a professor and department head of aerospace and ocean engineering at Virginia Tech.“That includes the shell on the outside, and the fuel tanks and the engines and all of the piping … Whatever fuel that is still remaining that is unburned will come down wherever it is.”The big stainless steel side panels of the rocket could float for a while and be retrieved before they eventually sink, said Atkins.The denser pieces, like parts of the engine, would immediately plummet to the sea floor.She said all three of the explosive scenarios laid out by the FAA could harm marine life.

Discarding those materials into the water could also have unforeseen consequences, said Britta Baechler, the director of ocean plastics research for the environmental non-profit Ocean Conservancy.Damaging a coral reef could kill not only the coral, but the ecosystem that depends on it, everything from marine mammals and birds to the fish they survive on, she said.“Throughout history, we’ve looked at the ocean as a dumping ground, like it’s too big to fail, like ‘the solution to pollution is dilution,’” Baechler said.“And that’s really not the case.”SpaceX has an extensive history of scattering rocket ship debris into the ocean.

In the early days of the company, it struggled to find permission to launch its rockets.So, in 2005, the company set its sights on a tiny, remote atoll in the Marshall Islands, called Kwajalein.In the four years SpaceX spent in Kwajalein, the company successfully launched two of its small Falcon 1 rockets for the first time.But it took several failures to get there.The inaugural Falcon 1 launch ended in a blaze with the rocket plummeting into the ocean, showering burning debris across a nearby coral reef.

According to an account by Wired published in 2007, the spaceship’s payload barreled through the roof of SpaceX’s own machine shop, and a fuel slick spread offshore.The company said it retrieved 75% of the detonated debris.Since then, SpaceX has made tremendous strides.It has launched hundreds of Falcon rockets and is now responsible for delivering cargo and crew to and from the International Space Station.The company says it has also sent more than 7,800 Starlink satellites into orbit, more than half of all active satellites in space.

Starship is SpaceX’s new frontier – a rocket built with the goal of making it to Mars – but it’s still a work in progress,The majority of its 10 test flights have encountered fatal errors, with the entire ship engulfed in flames and scant parts left to be reused,Musk has a “fail fast, learn faster” approach to his companies,As far back as 2005, shortly before SpaceX got set up in Kwajalein Musk said in an interview that, “There’s a silly notion that failure’s not an option at Nasa,Failure is an option here.

If things are not failing, you are not innovating enough.”Sign up to TechScapeA weekly dive in to how technology is shaping our livesafter newsletter promotionOne spectacular SpaceX failure happened during the first test launch of Starship on 20 April 2023.The colossal spaceship took off from Boca Chica, but quickly suffered engine failure.Just above the Earth, the rocket started to spin out of control, and SpaceX was forced to detonate the ship.The problem started during takeoff, when Starship demolished its launchpad, pulverizing it, sending hunks of concrete flying six miles away.

The blast ignited a grassfire that burned nearly four acres of state park and, from what is known, it destroyed a nest of bobwhite quail eggs and a collection of blue land crabs, according to internal emails Bloomberg obtained from the Fish and Wildlife Service.The loud boom also sent a pair of endangered snowy plovers fleeing, and, while they were gone, a wildlife scientist’s “game camera” caught a coyote eating two of their three nest eggs.The FAA blamed the failure on “multiple root causes” and cited 63 actions SpaceX needed to implement, including the redesign of Starship’s hardware to prevent leaks and fires as well as the redesign of its launchpad.According to the biography Elon Musk by Walter Isaacson, when SpaceX first built the launchpad in 2020, Musk demanded it not have a flame trench dug underneath the mount, as most pads have.“We don’t want to design to eliminate every risk,” Musk told Isaacson after the episode.

“Otherwise, we will never get anywhere,”In 2025 alone, four more of SpaceX’s Starship rockets exploded,The first, in January, ignited into a fireball that lit up the sky from the Bahamas to Haiti,The FAA needed to reroute dozens of commercial airline flights to avoid falling debris,Afterwards, residents of Turks and Caicos said their islands were littered with spacecraft remains.

SpaceX had originally planned a “controlled splashdown” in the Indian Ocean an hour after takeoff, but the explosion happened just nine minutes into Starship’s journey.“Success is uncertain, but entertainment is guaranteed!” Musk posted to X.Then, in March, May and June, more Starships exploded.The May blast ended with heaps of debris, including combustion tanks and metal and plastic fragments, washing up on Playa Bagdad in Matamoros, Mexico – putting in jeopardy thousands of hatchling Kemp’s ridley sea turtles, according to environmental groups.The Mexican president, Claudia Sheinbaum, sent government officials to the beach to survey the damage.

Meanwhile, the June Starship went up in flames,Days later, Sheinbaum threatened to sue SpaceX, concluding “there is indeed contamination” on Playa Bagdad,In mid-January, the FAA held a virtual meeting on Musk’s Starship plan that was open to the public,Texas and Hawaii residents logged on, most of whom were deeply opposed to the project,Lynda Williams, a retired physics professor and activist who lives in Hilo, Hawaii, was the first to speak